Since I posted the article Open letter to Parliament of Ghana on myjoyonline.com and published in the Ghanaian Times of March 11, 2010,
copies sent to The Clerk of Parliament, Select Committees on Finance, Mines and Energy and the Minister of Finance and Economic Planning,
officialdom, the press and media houses, civil societies and the Think Tank groups have not come out to make any comments. However, the article
has generated a great lot of excitement all over the world. Networks in India, Brazil, Ecuador, Google and Worldnews.com posted it on their
websites. Google and Worldnews.com posting it, is an indication that the contents of the article are the truth because these great networks would
not feed the world with falsehood.
Equally, myjoyonline.com and ghanaweb.com would not also publish it if they found it unworthy. The complete silence of the media, the press
houses, civil societies and pressure groups at home has vindicated former British Ambassador to Ghana Mr. Craig Murray's assertion that there has not been good public debate and discussion on Ghana's oil finds.
What has happened so far was heightening of public expectations which officialdom has now realized was wrong and saw the need to start playing
down.
However, a lot of falsehood has also been told to the public through the regional tours creating the impression that all was well with Oil Agreements Ghana was entering in with the Foreign Oil Companies (FOC). One of such falsehood I heard on 21 March 2010 at the Accra International
Conference Centre was Ghana has to go round the world begging the FOC to come into the country, that has warranted the signing of such agreements
giving into the terms and conditions of the FOC if not they would not come.
The agreements are not been made public because the Minister of Energy said on air that the FOC do not want them public.
The young and intelligent men and women in the media and the press houses who should be researching to find out what is happening elsewhere in the Oil & Gas industry have been gagged “Singapore Gagging.
My contact and interaction with some friends and colleagues on 21st March 2010 at the Accra International Conference Centre (AICC) has made me to realize that most educated Ghanaians have little or no knowledge about the Oil & Gas industry. They are completely ignorant; I do not blame them because the industry is new to the country.
I am sure and believe this has accounted for the delay in having the legal regulatory framework which should govern the operations of the industry in the country in place. However, this cannot be an excuse if the proper acceptable worldwide practice now, in the oil industry was adopted. There are numerous model legal frameworks on Production Sharing Agreements around to adopt if Ghana has chosen that way. Nigeria is just close by.
The purpose of this article is to educate fellow Ghanaians about various types of oil agreements and contracts and to examine whether Ghana has
chosen the right course.
Basically, there are four major types of contract types applicable and used in the Oil & Gas industry. They are Concessions, Joint Ventures,
Production Sharing Agreement or Contract and Service Agreement. Each of these can be used to achieve the same results. However, the differences
between them are in the levels of control given to FOC, revenue sharing arrangements and the levels of involvement by the government or the
National Oil Company, (NOC) GNPC in this case. All the above contract types fall under two methods of contracting, bilateral negotiation and
competitive bidding.
Of the two, a bilateral negotiation is the most dangerous, tinted with fraudulent, corrupt practices and arm twisting by the FOC.
The FOC approaches the host government to apply for a concession for exploration, development and production of the oilfield for export. The
FOC in turn pays royalties and taxes to the host government. Under competitive bidding, applicants are normally required to satisfy certain
standards in order to qualify to be awarded the contract.
These standards and requirements to be met by the FOC are backed by legislation already in place; therefore any likely underhand dealings are
minimized. Bids are normally sealed. The oil field blocks are put on tender worldwide.
Contract Types
Kristen Bindemann described two of the contract types, concession and joint ventures as bastard forms of oil agreements, because of the lots of
problems and limitations associated with them. Of the two, however, contracts under concession is the most exploitative, fraudulent and associated with corrupt practices even in developed world where the oil giants are based.
For example, USA courts are filled with cases filed against oil companies for under payment of royalties to both states and federal governments.
Judges deliver funny rulings against the government because they have shares and stakes in the oil companies. For example, when President Obama placed a cap on the ban he lifted on the exploration and development of deep water oil fields on the eastern Atlantic Coast, in the wake of the Gulf of Mexico, BP oil disaster, a judge ruled it was illegal for him to do so.
Under the Concession oil and gas discoveries became bonafide properties of the FOC. The host government or the country has no control over it.
Contracts are signed to cover a long period of time with stabilization clauses to protect themselves. The host country has no rights apart from the right to royalties based on production which are difficult to verify.
The royalties to be paid are normally dictated by the FOC based on posted or wellhead prices which are very much below the prevailing market prices
at the time of signing the contract. In the event of rising crude oil prices, the host country continues to receive the fixed royalties, if the
contract has no clauses allowing for a revision. Thus windfalls are enjoyed by FOC alone. The USA Federal Government recently lost a legal
battle between the oil companies led by Anadarko under similar circumstances.
The USA Government is losing $53 billion for next 25 years in royalties.
Expenses are gold plated to reduce the amount of tax payable to the host government. Contracts also contain clauses protecting them from legal suit
that are likely to arise from damages to the environment and setting limit as to the level of compensation they would pay in the event of the mishap if they want to be little generous.
Under the concession the FOC bears all the risks, the host country shares in the reward. However that should not account for the massive
exploitation of the host country's resources which values cannot compare to the initial capital investments put in by the FOC.
Saudi Arabia, other Arab countries and the entire oil producing countries in the developing world have moved away from these unjust and inequitable
types of oil contract agreements.
Joint Venture Agreement
The lesser of the bastards as the name implies is modeled on the basis of a partnership, whereby the host government and the FOC contribute towards
the cost of bringing the oil field to production in an agreed proportion.
The rewards and the risks associated with the project are shared in the agreed proportion. However, in practice most times the FOC bears all the financial risks. Host government pays back plus interest on its share of the contribution. In addition to royalties, taxes and profit oil the host government is entitled to a share of profits. Joint Ventures also have their limitation because the FOC are still the operators therefore there
is a mutual suspicion between the parties as to whether things are being done correctly especially with regard to expenses. Joint Ventures are also
associated with poor funding, especially from the side of the host government leading to imbalance in the financial contributions and consequential loss of revenue to the government.
Production Sharing Agreement (PSA)
As the name implies, PSA focus on the sharing of the output of oil and gas operations in agreed proportions between the FOC as a contractor to the
government and the national oil company as the representative of the government interests in the project. This form of contracts originated in
Indonesia in 1966 and was modeled along the lines of share cropping in agriculture, where the owner of the land grants a farmer the right to grow
crops on his land and shares the proceeds with the farmer in agreed proportion after the harvest.
Under a PSA, the contractor usually a FOC bears the entire cost and risk of exploration activities and only reaps the rewards after a commercial
find.
In the event of a commercial discovery the FOC recovers its cost fully from allocation of oil referred to as cost oil. Allowance is also
made from production for royalties, after which the remainder of the production called “Profit Oil is shared in agreed proportion between
the FOC and the government. The FOC thereafter pays income tax on its profits from the project. The oil and all the installations remain the
property of the host government throughout the duration of the contract.
Windfalls arising out of crude oil price increases are enjoyed by all parties.
The PSA model is what almost all oil producing countries in the world except USA and Western Europe, Malta exclusive have adopted to overcome
the problems, difficulties and inequalities associated with the concession and joint venture agreements. There are various forms of PSA models
currently in use differing from one country to another. The differences are mostly in the area of incentives and tax regimes purposely to attract
investors. In a study carried out by Kristen Bindemann covering the period 1966 to 1998, 74 oil producing countries signed a total of 268 PSAs
including Ghana being credited with one agreement. In the study, Angola and India are said to have best and tough PSAs. Nigeria has moved away
from the concession and joint ventures to the PSA because of the potentials and advantages it holds.
Service agreements
Are similar to PSAs, however pure service agreement differs from the PSA.
Under the SA the FOC bears the financial risk and engages in exploration and development for an agreed fixed fee or other form of compensation.
Under this type of contract as the name implies the FOC supplies services and know-how only. The FOC has no equity interest in the project, however, the difference between the SA and PSA, the two contract forms are the remuneration of the contractor and the control over operations. In essence some service agreements are disguised PSA when it comes to the question of ownership of the oil and gas resources. This contract types is usually used by the Arab countries and in the Middle East.
CHOICE FOR GHANA
Fellow Ghanaians which of these contract types would you select for Ghana if you were placed to handle and take decisions on the newly found wealth?
Since the Minister of Energy publicly said on air that the FOCs do not want the agreements to be made public one can only draw conclusions from
statements and pronouncements made by public officials as to what contract type our leaders have chosen for Ghana. What do you make from these
statements?
Again because of the risky nature of the exploration and production business and the states desire to avoid high exposure in petroleum exploration and production activity it has adopted the Royalty Tax System instead of the Joint Venture System GNPC (Daily Graphic of 10th
July, 2008)
This, he said was because the government alone could not control large stakes in the sector as other oil producing countries were doing Public Relation Officer, Ministry of Energy, Daily Graphic 24th July 2009.
My question is what prevents Ghana from doing exactly what other oil producing countries are doing if that is the right direction to go for the
benefits of their countries? Judging from the above two statements one can conclude that our leadership have chosen for Ghana the most dangerous bastard of oil contract type concession. Are the Nigerians, Indonesians, Russians, South Americans, Central Americans, Libyans, Angolans, Eastern Europeans, Brazilians, Peruvians, North Africans, the Arabs in the Middle East stupid and silly controlling large stakes in their oil and gas resources?
Why do our leaders have to take us 60 years back to a system Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq and Nigeria have left behind because they found it
not just and not equitable but rather exploitative? Why should our leaders take us into a system USA the giant of the whole world is battling with in both state and federal courts due to underpayment of royalties by the oil giants in that country? Why should our leaders adopt the concession contract type, Kristen Bindemann described a bastard of an oil contract? I cannot fathom any reason but sheer greed and selfishness on the part of officials handling the oil contracts.
The rumpus between KOSMOS and GNPC and the government would not have occurred if PSA was adopted, because KOSMOS cannot make claim to any asset oil in this country.
What Ghanaians do not know is, even before the first barrel of oil is pumped, the FOC have made a super profit of $12.00 per barrel should the
crude oil price still hover between $72.00 and $75.00 per barrel. This is about 400% more than royalty of $3.00 per barrel Ghana is getting. The
posted price published by GNPC is $60.00 per barrel and by the terms under a concession this price would last through the contract period of 30
years. This can only change if there is a provision in the contract allowing for adjustment in the event of rising crude oil prices. As
earlier said, the USA government is losing $53 billion under similar circumstances when it failed to provide a clause in a contract signed with
oil companies to take care of adjustments if crude oil prices increased.
Under PSA profit oil is what is shared therefore all parties reap and enjoy the windfall due to rise in oil prices.
What is the mad rush to award such a bastard contract type to cover all the coast line of Ghana if not because of greed, corruption and
selfishness on the part of party officials and officials handling the oil contracts?
NPP administration awarded contracts in the Western part of Ghana under this bastard contract and NDC is also in hurry to award all the blocks in the Eastern part of Ghana where the largest deposits of Ghana's oil are.
The reasons the government gave for adopting the Royalty Tax System cannot stand the test of good reason and good judgment. If the government wanted
to avoid all risks associated with oil and gas activities, but only wanted to take a reward, then PSA is the best way to go. A parliamentary
delegation and officials from GNPC, Ministries of Finance and Energy should go to Angola, India and Nigeria and learn the right from them. To
me the Royalty Tax System the government is adopting under the concession contract type is being pushed by mere greed and selfishness on the part of party officials and technocrats on one part and corrupt practices of FOC on the other.
All the agreements and contract that the past administration under leadership of President Kuffuor and the current administration of
President Atta Mills, that Ghana had signed with the FOC are terrible swords of dinosaur hanging over the neck of Ghana in readiness to devour.
The present and future generations would not forgive them, if more and more people begin to understand the workings of the oil and gas industry.
I am appealing to all Ghanaians to put their political affiliations aside and rise up as the Indonesians did after independence in 1960 to free
themselves from massive exploitation under this type of bastard contract.
It is not too late yet.
Our gold which has been taken away from our shores for over 500 years and other minerals: diamond, manganese and bauxite close to 100 years are
mined under this obnoxious royalty tax system and which is still going on.
The royalty tax system was designed by our colonial masters to rob and reap us of our resources and wealth in the name of “we do not have the know-how. Ghanaians, do not allow our oil and gas resources to go the same way.
We should start the march now, the way the Indonesians did, that gave birth to the Production Sharing Agreement to the developing countries.
Without a change in the royalty tax system now, Ghana would never, never derive the maximum full benefits from the oil and gas. Arise Ghanaians!!!
We have reached the cross road. The status quo must change with the oil
and gas resources.
By Solomon Kwawukume.
solomon.kwawukumey@yahoo.com
Acknowledgement
I would like to give credits to Mr. Kristen Bindemann of Oxford Institute for Energy Studies for quoting from his research work“ Production
Sharing Agreements“ An Economic Analysis and Mr. Madiki O. Ameh, a lawyer, a Chevening scholar in Energy Law and Policy at the Centre for
Energy, Petroleum and Mineral Law and Policy, University of Dundee Scotland. UK The Nigeria Oil and Gas Industry: From Joint Ventures to Production Sharing Contracts.
Finally, I would also like to thank Mr. Alexander Gyampoh of Lab AutoQuip Limited, Tema- Ghana for typing this article.