The gap between those who are able to go online and those who can’t continues to shrink globally, thanks to the boost from smartphones and wireless networks and an effort to bring down the cost of services in the least developed markets.

According to a new report published today by the International Telecommuncation Union, the United Nations agency that oversees communications standards, teledensity and connectivity initiatives — there will be 4.4 billion mobile broadband users globally by the end of this year, a rise of 1.1 billion since it last measured figures three years ago.

Here’s the full overview of how mobile and fixed broadband use have evolved over the last three years, and looking to develop over the next three:

Behind those numbers, there are some interesting trends underway.

While fixed broadband services do continue to increase — we’re now approaching 1 billion fixed broadband users — mobile is definitely the name of the game when it comes to global internet access.

There are also now no less than 25 countries with mobile broadband subscription penetration (number per 100 habitants) over 100 percent — meaning that on average, people own more than one device or more likely, more than one SIM — since ITU notes that between 2015 and today, mobile phone stock has actually decreased by 100 million to 2.1 billion. Indeed, in some countries, the multi-SIM use case has really taken hold. In Macao, China, there are just under 322 mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 people.

Iceland, meanwhile, has overtaken South Korea as the country with the highest overall internet usage, covering both fixed and mobile. The ITU said that 98.2 percent of its population are online, with Kuwait in second at 98 percent.

One thing that is not changing is the fact that connecting people in more remote areas remains a challenge. Although now almost half of the world’s population use the internet, most of them are in urban and other areas with dense populations. This means that despite the cost of deploying services has been dropping over time, building infrastructure to cover the next 1.5 billion people will cost $450 billion. Typically, more mature economies have invested a higher proportion of GDP on connectivity than developing countries — typically over three percent versus around one percent, says the ITU.

That’s a challenge but also an opportunity: we are also seeing a lot of strong competition between companies and countries to take a leading role in the process in developing markets. (Anecdotally, my impression has been that China is in a strong place right now, providing financing to municipalities to help win business in countries in Africa.)

The ITU also said that for the first time, it’s adding in AI as a new element when calculating the impact of different technologies on economies, alongside five existing tech developments: broadband, data centres, cloud, big data and IoT. “AI is the next major general-purpose technology driving paradigm shifts in economic and industrial activity,” the report authors note. “The influence of AI is trickling into all aspects of life.”

The other big force in terms of communications continues to be over-the-top messaging services. These continue to drive adoption, and also are replacing traditional communications services offered by telcos. Facebook — owner of Messenger, Instagram and WhatsApp — dominates three of the top four messaging services globally, with WeChat rounding out the mix.