The Board has made available US$30 million through 2020 for the Alliance to provide targeted technical support to address specific challenges in countries after transition, according to its release to Ghana News Agency.

Dr Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Gavi Board Chair, said “typhoid fever imposes a dramatic burden on children in the poorest nations affecting countries, communities and families."

“This disease has long been eliminated from most industrialised nations, but it is still a serious threat in developing countries where the vast majority of deaths occur,” she said.

“I lost my cousin and nearly lost my son because of typhoid. This vaccine will be a lifesaver for millions of children, especially those living without access to clean water or sanitation.”

A serious enteric fever caused by ingesting contaminated food or water, typhoid fever killed more than 128,000 people in 2016 and affected nearly 12 million, according to the latest estimates.

Improved living conditions and the use of appropriate antibiotics have resulted in the virtual elimination of the disease in industrialised nations and a dramatic global reduction in the proportion of deaths.

However, this progress is now in danger of being undermined because of the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR).

Drug-resistant typhoid is spreading across Asia and Africa, posing a serious threat to public health.

“This vaccine is safe, effective and can provide lasting protection,” said Dr Seth Berkley, CEO of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance.

“The growing spread of drug resistant strains of typhoid is a major threat, not just to individuals but also to our efforts to control the disease, and requires us to prioritise prevention strategies. Strong coverage through routine immunisation together with efforts to improve access to clean water and hygiene will play a key role in dramatically reducing the disease.”

A new typhoid conjugate vaccine manufactured by Bharat Biotech International Limited and first licensed in India in 2013, is currently under review for prequalification by the World Health Organization (WHO).

This follows the recent recommendation by the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) that typhoid conjugate vaccines should be introduced in endemic countries to all children over six months of age.

Vaccines from five additional manufacturers are also under development and are expected to be available between 2018 and 2022.

Gavi expects the first countries to apply in 2018 with introductions forecasted to begin the year after. The Gavi Board also noted that the use of this new vaccine will enable further studies on the impact of the disease, challenges with diagnosis and appropriate immunisation strategies.

Typhoid conjugate vaccines were first seen as a priority by the Gavi Board in the 2008 Vaccine Investment Strategy (VIS) although no financial commitment was made at that time in the absence of a suitable vaccine.

The Vaccine Investment Strategy is Gavi’s evidence-based process for assessing the suitability of new vaccines to further support countries. Developed every five years, the next VIS will be completed at the end of 2018.

Today, the Gavi Board approved the evaluation criteria that will be used for assessing potential new investments in vaccines and other immunisation products for endemic disease prevention.

Between 2016 and 2020, at least 20 Gavi-supported countries are expected to transition out of Gavi’s financial support. Most of these countries are on-track to fully finance their immunisation programmes and sustain the progress they have made since 2000, when Gavi was created.

However, the Gavi Board recognised that a small number of countries are facing more significant challenges.