According to the GSS's 2023 Annual Household Income and Expenditure Survey (AHIES), consistently, more females than males have been employed, with the difference averaging about 600,000 and 900,000 for 2022 and 2023 respectively.

Despite the increase in employment for females, the unemployment rate among females has increased from 17.5 in the second quarter of 2023 to 17.7 in the third quarter of 2023.

"The sharp increase in the unemployment rate of females between the fourth quarter of 2022 and the first quarter of 2023 has culminated in a wider unemployment gender gap in 2023 relative to 2022," the report noted.

The study also revealed that the most dominant sector of employed females by the end of the third quarter was the services and sales sector (41.7%) while that of employed males was the skilled agriculture forestry and fisheries sector at a rate of 39.8 per cent.

"Females had a much lower share of jobs as plant and machine operators or assemblers (averaging 0.3% across the first three quarters of 2023) than males (averaging 11.0% for the same period), the study highlighted," the study highlighted.

It was also disclosed that there were more females engaged in vulnerable employment, a rate which has By the end of the third quarter of 2023, 77.8 per cent of employed females were in vulnerable employment as against 57.7 per cent of employed males.

People engaged in vulnerable employment are less likely to have formal work arrangements, lack decent working conditions, adequate social security and "voice" through effective representation by trade unions and similar organisations.

Such employment is often characterised by inadequate earnings, low productivity and difficult conditions of work that undermine workers' fundamental rights.
AHIES is the first nationally representative high-frequency panel that provides quarterly data on the labour force. It is designed to provide disaggregated labour
statistics to support policy and planning, in line with the national development agendas for the labour force.